Energy storage power systems achieve dynamic power balancing with the grid during grid-connected operation through multi-layered technology collaboration and strategy optimization. Its core mechanisms encompass key aspects such as power forecasting, hierarchical control, coordinated scheduling, and multi-timescale regulation. Energy storage power systems' power forecasting capabilities are fundamental to dynamic balancing. By integrating meteorological data, historical load curves, and power generation plans, they can predict the grid's power demand in advance. For example, in photovoltaic power generation scenarios, energy storage power systems can adjust charging and discharging strategies based on changing sunlight intensity trends to address sudden drops or increases in photovoltaic output, thereby preventing grid power imbalances caused by fluctuations in renewable energy generation. This predictive control relies not only on algorithm accuracy but also on real-time data exchange with the grid dispatching system to ensure that energy storage operations are synchronized with grid operating conditions.
The hierarchical control framework decomposes dynamic balancing tasks by timescale, improving regulation efficiency. In the fluctuation smoothing layer, energy storage power systems use a low-pass filtering algorithm to eliminate high-frequency fluctuations in renewable energy generation. The energy storage system then absorbs or releases power, providing smooth power output. For example, when wind power output fluctuates within milliseconds due to sudden changes in wind speed, energy storage power systems can compensate within minutes, minimizing the impact on the grid. The advanced AGC control layer, based on ultra-short-term load forecasts, proactively adjusts the charge and discharge power of thermal power units or energy storage power to address minute-by-minute load fluctuations. The AGC layer, through sub-second responses from hydropower units and energy storage power, eliminates regional control errors and ensures grid frequency stability.
Coordinated control strengthens the linkage between energy storage power and other grid resources. Energy storage power can form a joint control unit with generators, loads, and renewable energy facilities, achieving multi-energy complementarity through optimized scheduling. For example, in a photovoltaic power plant, energy storage power collaborates with photovoltaic inverters to dynamically adjust charge and discharge power based on sunlight intensity, maximizing clean energy consumption. Furthermore, energy storage power can participate in virtual power plant (VPP) scheduling, aggregating distributed resources to provide ancillary services such as peak shaving and frequency regulation for the grid, enhancing system flexibility.
Multi-timescale regulation capability is the core advantage of energy storage power's dynamic balancing. Energy storage power must respond to grid frequency changes within milliseconds while coordinating minute-by-minute and hour-by-hour charging and discharging plans to balance short-term regulation needs with economic efficiency. For example, during peak hours, energy storage power meets load demand through hourly discharges. When grid frequency fluctuates, it stabilizes the frequency through millisecond-scale charging and discharging. This cross-timescale adjustment capability makes energy storage power a "buffer" connecting the power generation and load sides, effectively alleviating the imbalance between grid supply and demand.
Communication and standardization are the guarantee of dynamic balance. Energy storage power must adhere to unified communication protocols to enable data exchange with SCADA/EMS systems, ensuring real-time and reliable command transmission. Furthermore, promoting interface standardization and standardizing the transmission formats for parameters such as energy storage power, charge, and status will facilitate interoperability among devices from multiple vendors and reduce system integration costs. For example, employing adaptive communication mechanisms to mitigate network latency and combining 5G technology to improve remote control stability can further enhance the responsiveness of energy storage power.
Safety and protection mechanisms are the bottom line of dynamic balance. Energy storage power must have fault isolation capabilities to quickly detect and respond to anomalies such as short circuits and overcurrents to prevent faults from spreading to the grid. Designing a multi-level protection mechanism, including detection, disconnection, and self-healing functions, can ensure system safety under extreme operating conditions. For example, redundant control designs can be used to prevent single points of failure, and combined with blockchain technology to record operation logs, this can enhance system traceability and reliability.
Economic optimization is a sustainable guarantee of dynamic balance. Energy storage power must optimize charging and discharging timing based on electricity price signals and ancillary service market mechanisms to reduce operating costs. For example, charging during low-price periods and discharging during high-price periods can improve economic efficiency through peak-valley arbitrage. Furthermore, integrating distributed energy storage resources into grid regulation, combined with business models such as virtual power plants, can further enhance market competitiveness.
